High concentrations of nitrates in drinking water can lead to which of the following conditions?

High concentrations of nitrates in drinking water can lead to methemoglobinemia, often referred to as "blue baby syndrome," particularly in infants. In this condition, nitrates are converted into nitrites in the body, which can interfere with the ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen. This change causes a reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, leading to a bluish discoloration of the skin and a range of health problems.

Methemoglobinemia is especially concerning in young children and pregnant women as their bodies are more susceptible to the effects of nitrites. While some other health issues are associated with dehydration, kidney stones, or gallbladder disease, these conditions are not specifically linked to high nitrate levels in drinking water in the same direct and impactful way as methemoglobinemia. Understanding this connection emphasizes the importance of monitoring and managing nitrate levels in drinking water to protect public health, particularly among vulnerable populations.