In emergencies, what can small quantities of water be disinfected with?

The use of boiling water and tincture of iodine is a reliable method for disinfecting small quantities of water in emergencies. Boiling water is effective as it kills a majority of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites, by applying heat. This method is highly recommended when the water source is suspect or contaminated.

Tincture of iodine can then be used to further ensure the disinfection of the water. Iodine acts as a chemical disinfectant that is effective at eliminating many microorganisms. Its use after boiling can serve to reinforce the safety of the water, especially in situations where the water could become re-contaminated after boiling.

While other options may include valid methods of disinfection under particular circumstances, combining boiling with tincture of iodine offers a straightforward and effective approach in emergency situations, ensuring the water is safe for consumption.